Sources – Advanced understanding of women veterans: how services can better meet their needs

Atlas Institute for Veterans and Families. (2022). Military sexual trauma: A primer for Canadian health care providers. https://atlasveterans.ca/documents/mst/mst-primer-for-health-care-providers-en.pdf

Baca, S. A., Crawford, J. N., & Allard, C. B. (2023). PTSD, depression, and suicidality among survivors of childhood sexual trauma (CST), military sexual trauma (MST), and sexual revictimization (CST + MST). Psychological trauma: theory, research, practice and policy, 15(8), 1271–1279. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0001149

Bailey, M., Phillips, R., & Morrison, Z. (2023). Improving access to service charities for female veterans. Robert Gordon University. https://doi.org/10.48526/rgu-wt-2079145

Baumann, J., Williamson, C., & Murphy, D. (2022). Exploring the impact of gender-specific challenges during and after military service on female UK Veterans. Journal of Military, Veteran and Family Health, 8(2), 72–81. https://doi.org/10.3138/jmvfh-2021-0065

Biscoe, N., Hendrikx, L. J., Williamson, V., & Murphy, D. (2023). LGB Female Veterans’ Experience of Military Service During the “Gay Ban”: A Qualitative Study. Sexuality Research and Social Policy. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-023-00882-4

Brown, A., Millman, H., Tam-Seto, L., Imre-Millei, B., Ibbotson, A., Buchart, L., Heber, A., Samplonius, M. E., Mulligan, A., Notarianni, M., & McKinnon, M. C. (2024). Increasing understanding of the barriers to military-sexual-trauma-related reporting and treatment seeking in Canada. Journal of Military, Veteran and Family Health, e20230021. https://doi.org/10.3138/jmvfh-2023-0021

Campbell, G. M., Biscoe, N., Williamson, V., & Murphy, D. (2024). Evidence-based treatments for PTSD symptoms resulting from military sexual trauma in women Veterans: A systematic review. Journal of Military, Veteran and Family Health, 10(5), 30–50. https://doi.org/10.3138/jmvfh-2023-0037

Campbell, G. M., Williamson, V., & Murphy, D. (2023). “A Hidden Community”: The Experiences of Help-Seeking and Receiving Mental Health Treatment in U.K. Women Veterans. A Qualitative Study. Armed Forces & Society. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095327X231182140

Campbell, G. M., Weijers, B., Barker, R., & Murphy, D. (2023). Exploring help-seeking patterns of UK veterans with mental health difficulties: Referrals to Combat Stress 2012–2022. European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 7(3), 100337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejtd.2023.100337

Dardis, C. M., Reinhardt, K. M., Foynes, M. M., Medoff, N. E., & Street, A. E. (2018). “Who are you going to tell? Who’s going to believe you?”: Women’s experiences disclosing military sexual trauma. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 42(4), 414–429. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684318796783

Galovski, T. E., McSweeney, L. B., Woolley, M. G., Alpert, E., & Nillni, Y. I. (2023). The Relative Impact of Different Types of Military Sexual Trauma on Long-Term PTSD, Depression, and Suicidality. Journal of interpersonal violence, 38(15-16), 9465–9491. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605231168823

Godier-McBard LR, Cable G, Wood AD, et al. (2022) Gender differences in barriers to mental healthcare for UK military veterans: a preliminary investigation. BMJ Mil Health; 168: 70–75. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjmilitary-2020-001754

Godier-McBard, L. R., Wood, A., Kohomange, M., Cable, G., & Fossey, M. (2023). Barriers and facilitators to mental healthcare for women veterans: a scoping review. Journal of mental health (Abingdon, England), 32(5), 951–961. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638237.2022.2118686

Gray, H., Lester, N., & Norton, E. (2023). Servicewomen’s Experiences of the Aftermath of Sexual Assault in the British Military: Blame, Shame and Betrayal. The RUSI Journal, 168(5), 68–80. https://doi.org/10.1080/03071847.2023.2276305

Herriott, C., Campbell, G., Godier-McBard, L., Wood, A., & Murphy, D. (2024). Defining military sexual trauma: Establishing parameters and perspectives. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 15(1), 2390759. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008066.2024.2390759

Hendrikx, L. J., Williamson, V., & Murphy, D. (2023). Adversity during military service: The impact of military sexual trauma, emotional bullying and physical assault on the mental health and well-being of women veterans. BMJ Military Health, 169(5), 419–424. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjmilitary-2021-001948

Hendrikx, L., Williamson, C., Baumann, J., & Murphy, D. (2021). Understanding the mental health needs of a community-sample of UK women veterans. Illness, Crisis & Loss, 31(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/10541373211070487

Hooks, C., Morgan, L., Fossey, M., Buxton, E., & Godier-McBard, L. 2023. ‘Where are all the women?’ Recognition and representation – UK female veterans’ experiences of support in civilian life. https://www.centreformilitarywomensresearch.com/projects/female-veteransexperience-of-government-and-charities/

House of Commons Defence Select Committee (2021): Protecting those who protect us: Women in the Armed Forces from Recruitment to Civilian Life (‘Atherton Report’), Second Report of Session 2021-22. Women in the Armed Forces: From Recruitment to Civilian Life – Committees – UK Parliament

Jarvis, L. & West, H. (2024). Female Veterans Transformation Programme: Evidence Review. Evidence+Review_Female+Veterans+Transformation+Programme.pdf

Kelly, U., Haywood, T., Segell, E., & Higgins, M. (2021). Trauma-Sensitive Yoga for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Women Veterans who Experienced Military Sexual Trauma: Interim Results from a Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of alternative and complementary medicine (New York, N.Y.), 27(S1), S45–S59. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2020.0417

King’s Centre for Military Health Research (2024). Health and wellbeing study of serving and ex-serving UK armed forces personnel: Phase 4. Office for Veterans’ Affairs. Phase_4_Health_and_Wellbeing_Cohort_Study_Report.pdf

McManus S, Bebbington P, Jenkins R, Brugha T. (2016) Mental health and wellbeing in England: Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey 2014. Leeds: NHS Digital Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey: Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing, England, 2014. – NHS England Digital

Ministry of Defence (2023). UK armed forces biannual diversity statistics: October 2023. UK Armed Forces Biannual Diversity Statistics: October 2023 – GOV.UK

Ministry of Defence. (2016). Women in ground close combat (Report No. ADR006101). UK Government. Interim report on the health risks to women in ground close combat roles 2016

Ministry of Defence. (2021). Army sexual harassment report 2021. Army_Sexual_Harassment_Report_2021.pdf

Monteith, L. L., Holliday, R., Schneider, A. L., Miller, C. N., Bahraini, N. H., & Forster, J. E. (2021). Institutional betrayal and help-seeking among women survivors of military sexual trauma. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 13(7), 814–823. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0001027

National Records of Scotland (2024). Scotland’s Census 2022 (veteran data subsets). Scotland’s Census 2022 – UK Armed Forces veterans | Scotland’s Census

Newins, A. R., Glenn, J. J., Wilson, L. C., Wilson, S. M., Kimbrel, N. A., Beckham, J. C., Va Mid-Atlantic Mirecc Workgroup, & Calhoun, P. S. (2021). Psychological outcomes following sexual assault: Differences by sexual assault setting. Psychological services, 18(4), 504–511. https://doi.org/10.1037/ser0000426

Office for National Statistics (ONS). Census 2021 data (veteran data subsets). UK armed forces veterans, England and Wales – Office for National Statistics

NHS Scotland. (2024). Disclosure of Rape or Sexual Assault – Guidance document for Health care professionals. Disclosure of Rape or Sexual Assault – Guidance document for Health care professionals

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). (2018). Post-traumatic stress disorder (NICE guideline NG116). Overview | Post-traumatic stress disorder | Guidance | NICE

O’Leary, T. J., Wardle, S. L., Rawcliffe, A. J., Chapman, S., Mole, J., & Greeves, J. P. (2023). Understanding the musculoskeletal injury risk of women in combat: the effect of infantry training and sex on musculoskeletal injury incidence during British Army basic training. BMJ military health, 169(1), 57–61. https://doi.org/10.1136/jramc-2019-001347

Pulverman, C. S., & Creech, S. K. (2021). The Impact of Sexual Trauma on the Sexual Health of Women Veterans: A Comprehensive Review. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 22(4), 656–671. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838019870912

Resick, P. A., & Schnicke, M. K. (1992). Cognitive processing therapy for sexual assault victims. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 60(5), 748–756. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-006x.60.5.748

Resick, P. A., Monson, C. M., & Chard, K. M. (2024). Cognitive processing therapy for PTSD: A comprehensive therapist manual (2nd ed.). The Guilford Press.

Rhead, R., MacManus, D., Jones, M., Greenberg, N., Fear, N. T., & Goodwin, L. (2022). Mental health disorders and alcohol misuse among UK military veterans and the general population: A comparison study. Psychological Medicine, 52(2), 292–302. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291720001944

Royal British Legion. 2018. Loneliness and social isolation in the armed forces community. Loneliness and social isolation | Royal British Legion

Stevelink, S. A. M., Jones, M., Hull, L., Pernet, D., MacCrimmon, S., Goodwin, L., MacManus, D., Murphy, D., Jones, N., Greenberg, N., Rona, R. J., Fear, N. T., & Wessely, S. (2018). Mental health outcomes at the end of the British involvement in the Iraq and Afghanistan conflicts: a cohort study. The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science, 213(6), 690–697. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2018.175

Surís, A., Lind, L., Kashner, T. M., Borman, P. D., & Petty, F. (2004). Sexual assault in women veterans: An examination of PTSD risk, health care utilization, and cost of care. Psychosomatic Medicine, 66(5), 749–756. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.psy.0000138117.58559.7b

Williamson, C., Wickersham, A., Sharp, M.-L., Dryden, D., Simms, A., Fear, N. T., Murphy, D., Goodwin, L., & Leightley, D. (2023). Loneliness among UK Veterans: Associations with quality of life, alcohol misuse, and perceptions of partner drinking. Journal of Military, Veteran and Family Health, 9(4), 88–99. https://doi.org/10.3138/jmvfh-2023-0009

Williamson, M., Holliday, R., Holder, N., North, C., & Suris, A. (2017). A re-examination of military sexual trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychiatric Annals, 47(3), 134–138. https://doi.org/10.3928/00485713-20170206-01

Wilson, L. C. (2018). The Prevalence of Military Sexual Trauma: A Meta-Analysis. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 19(5), 584–597. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838016683459

Williamson, V., Murphy, D., Castro, C., Vermetten, E., Jetly, R., & Greenberg, N. (2021). Moral injury and the need to carry out ethically responsible research. Research Ethics, 17(2), 135–142. https://doi.org/10.1177/1747016120969743

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